Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD)

Percentage of GDP

The four indicators provided are GERD (Gross domestic expenditure on R&D) as a percentage of GDP, percentage of GERD financed by industry, percentage of GERD financed by government and percentage of GERD financed from abroad. "Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications" (Frascati Manual, 2002 edition, § 63 ). R&D is an activity where there are significant transfers of resources between units, organisations and sectors and it is important to trace the flow of R&D funds.

Additional information on Eurostat web page

	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	TARGET
EU (27 countries)	..	..	..	..	..	1.8 ^(s)	1.78 ^(s)	1.78 ^(s)	1.78 ^(s)	1.84 ^(s)	1.86 ^(s)	1.87 ^(s)	1.88 ^(s)	1.87	1.83	1.82	1.85	1.85	1.92 ^(s)	2.02 ^(s)	2.01 ^(s)	2.03 ^(s)	3
Belgium	..	1.62 ^(e)	..	1.7 ^(b)	1.69	1.67	1.76	1.83	1.86	1.93	1.97	2.07	1.94	1.87	1.86	1.83	1.86	1.89	1.97	2.03	2.01	2.04 ^(p)	3
Bulgaria	2.39	1.53	1.64	1.18	0.88	0.62	0.58 ^(b)	0.52	0.56	0.55 ^(b)	0.51	0.46	0.48	0.48	0.49	0.46	0.46	0.45	0.47	0.53	0.6	0.57 ^(p)	1.5
Czech Republic	..	..	..	1.08 ⁽ⁱ⁾	0.98 ⁽ⁱ⁾	0.91 ^(b)	0.92	1.03	1.11	1.1	1.17	1.16	1.15	1.2	1.2	1.35	1.49	1.48	1.41	1.47	1.55	1.84	.. ⁽ⁱ⁾
Denmark	1.55	1.61	1.64	1.72	..	1.82	1.84 ^(e)	1.92	2.04	2.18	2.24	2.39	2.51	2.58	2.48	2.46	2.48	2.58 ^(b)	2.85	3.16 ⁽ⁱ⁾	3.07	3.09 ^(ep)	3
Germany	..	2.47 ^(b)	2.35 ^(e)	2.28	2.18 ^(e)	2.19 ^(e)	2.2 ^(e)	2.24	2.28	2.41	2.47	2.47	2.5	2.54	2.5	2.51	2.54	2.53	2.69	2.82	2.8	2.84 ^(e)	3
Estonia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	0.57	0.68	0.6	0.7	0.72	0.77	0.85	0.93	1.13	1.08	1.28	1.43	1.63	2.38 ^(p)	3
Ireland	..	..	..	..	..	1.25 ^(e)	1.3 ^(e)	1.27 ^(e)	1.23	1.18 ^(e)	1.11	1.09	1.1	1.16	1.23	1.25	1.25	1.29	1.46	1.76 ^(e)	1.71 ^(e)	1.72 ^(ep)	.. ⁽ⁱ⁾
Greece	..	..	..	..	..	0.43 ^(b)	..	0.45	..	0.6	..	0.58	..	0.57	0.55 ^(e)	0.6	0.59 ^(e)	0.6 ^(e)	..	..	..	..	.. ⁽ⁱ⁾
Spain	0.82	0.84	0.88 ^(b)	0.88	0.81 ^(e)	0.79	0.81 ^(e)	0.8	0.87	0.86	0.91	0.92	0.99	1.05	1.06	1.12	1.2	1.27	1.35	1.39	1.39	1.33	3
France	2.32	2.32	2.33	2.37	2.31	2.28	2.27	2.19 ^(b)	2.14	2.16	2.15 ^(b)	2.2	2.24	2.18	2.16 ^(b)	2.11	2.11	2.08	2.12	2.27	2.24 ^(b)	2.25 ^(ep)	3
Italy	1.25	1.19 ^(b)	1.15	1.09	1.02	0.97	0.98	1.02 ^(b)	1.04	1.02	1.04	1.08	1.12	1.1	1.09	1.09	1.13	1.17	1.21	1.26	1.26	1.25 ^(p)	1.53
Cyprus	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	0.22	0.24	0.25	0.26	0.3	0.35	0.37	0.41	0.43	0.44	0.43	0.49	0.5	0.48 ^(p)	0.5
Latvia	..	..	..	0.44	0.38	0.47	0.42	0.38	0.39	0.36	0.45	0.41	0.42	0.38	0.42	0.56	0.7	0.6	0.62	0.46	0.6	0.7 ^(p)	1.5
Lithuania	..	..	..	..	0.52	0.43	0.49 ^(b)	0.54	0.54	0.5	0.59	0.67	0.66	0.67	0.75	0.75	0.79	0.81	0.8	0.84	0.8	0.92 ^(p)	1.9
Luxembourg	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	1.65	..	..	1.65	1.63	1.56	1.66	1.58 ^(e)	1.66	1.72	1.48	1.43 ^(ep)	2.3 ⁽ⁱ⁾
Hungary	..	1.07 ⁽ⁱ⁾	1.05 ⁽ⁱ⁾	0.98 ⁽ⁱ⁾	0.89 ^(bi)	0.72 ⁽ⁱ⁾	0.64 ⁽ⁱ⁾	0.71 ⁽ⁱ⁾	0.67	0.68 ⁽ⁱ⁾	0.81 ⁽ⁱ⁾	0.93 ⁽ⁱ⁾	1 ⁽ⁱ⁾	0.94 ⁽ⁱ⁾	0.88 ^(b)	0.94	1.01	0.98	1	1.17	1.17	1.21	1.8
Malta	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	0.26	0.25	0.53 ^(b)	0.57	0.62	0.58	0.56	0.54	0.67	0.73 ^(p)	0.67
Netherlands	2.07 ^(b)	1.96	1.89	1.91	1.95 ^(b)	1.97	1.98 ^(b)	1.99	1.9	1.98 ^(b)	1.94	1.93	1.88	1.92	1.93	1.9	1.88	1.81	1.77	1.82	1.85	2.04 ^(bp)	2.5
Austria	1.36 ^(e)	1.44 ^(e)	1.43 ^(e)	1.45	1.53 ^(e)	1.55 ^(e)	1.6 ^(e)	1.69 ^(e)	1.77	1.89 ^(e)	1.93 ^(e)	2.05 ^(e)	2.12	2.24 ^(e)	2.24	2.46 ^(e)	2.44	2.51	2.67 ^(e)	2.71	2.79 ^(e)	2.75 ^(ep)	3.76
Poland	..	..	..	..	..	0.63 ^(b)	0.65	0.65	0.67	0.69	0.64	0.62	0.56	0.54	0.56	0.57	0.56	0.57	0.6	0.67	0.74	0.77	1.7
Portugal	..	..	..	..	..	0.52	0.56 ^(e)	0.57	0.63	0.69	0.73 ^(e)	0.77	0.73 ^(e)	0.71	0.74 ^(e)	0.78	0.99 ^(e)	1.17	1.5 ^(b)	1.64	1.59	1.5 ^(p)	2.7 ⁽ⁱ⁾
Romania	..	..	..	..	..	0.75 ^(b)	0.68	0.57	0.49	0.4	0.37	0.39	0.38	0.39	0.39	0.41	0.45	0.52	0.58	0.47	0.46	0.48	2
Slovenia	..	..	..	1.6	1.76	1.52 ⁽ⁱ⁾	1.29	1.27	1.33	1.36	1.38	1.49	1.47	1.27	1.39	1.44	1.56	1.45	1.66 ^(b)	1.85	2.09	2.47 ^(bp)	3
Slovakia	..	..	..	1.38	0.9 ^(b)	0.92	0.91	1.08 ^(b)	0.78	0.66	0.65	0.63	0.57	0.57	0.51	0.51	0.49	0.46	0.47	0.48	0.63	0.68	1
Finland	1.85 ^(e)	2.01 ^(b)	2.1 ^(e)	2.14	2.27	2.26	2.53 ^(e)	2.71	2.88	3.17	3.35	3.32	3.36	3.44	3.45	3.48	3.48	3.47	3.7	3.94	3.9	3.78	4
Sweden	..	2.68 ⁽ⁱ⁾	..	3.12 ^(bi)	..	3.26 ^(bi)	..	3.47 ⁽ⁱ⁾	..	3.58 ⁽ⁱ⁾	..	4.13 ⁽ⁱ⁾	..	3.8 ⁽ⁱ⁾	3.58 ⁽ⁱ⁾	3.56 ^(b)	3.68 ^(ei)	3.4	3.7 ^(e)	3.6	3.39 ^(ei)	3.37 ^(bep)	4
United Kingdom	2.09	2.01	1.97 ^(b)	2	1.95	1.89	1.82	1.75	1.75	1.82	1.82	1.79	1.8	1.75	1.69	1.72	1.74	1.77	1.78 ^(e)	1.85 ^(e)	1.8 ^(e)	1.77 ^(p)	.. ⁽ⁱ⁾
Iceland	0.97	1.15	1.32	1.33	1.37	1.53	..	1.83	2	2.3	2.67 ^(e)	2.95	2.95 ^(e)	2.82	..	2.77	2.99	2.68	2.65	3.11	..	..	..
Norway	..	1.62	..	1.7	..	1.69 ^(b)	..	1.63	..	1.64	..	1.59	1.66	1.71	1.57	1.51	1.48	1.59	1.58	1.78	1.69	1.7 ^(p)	..
Switzerland	..	..	2.52	..	..	..	2.59	..	..	..	2.47	..	..	..	2.82	..	..	..	2.87	..	..	..	..
Croatia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	0.96	0.96	1.05	0.87	0.75	0.8	0.9	0.85	0.75	0.75	..
Japan	2.95 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.93 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.89 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.83 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.74 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.87 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.77 ^(b)	2.83	2.96	2.98	3	3.07	3.12	3.14	3.13	3.31	3.41	3.46	3.47 ^(b)	3.36	..	..	..
South Korea	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	2.26 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.17 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.3 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.47 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.4 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.49 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.68 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.79 ⁽ⁱ⁾	3.01 ⁽ⁱ⁾	3.21 ^(b)	3.36	3.57	4	..	..
Russia	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	1	1.05	1.18	1.25	1.29	1.15	1.07	1.07	1.12	1.04	1.24	1.11	..	..
Turkey	0.33	0.52	0.49	0.44	0.36	0.38	0.45	0.49	0.37	0.47	0.48	0.54	0.53	0.48	0.52	0.59	0.58	0.72	0.73	0.85	0.84	..	..
United States	2.63 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.69 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.61 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.49 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.39 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.48 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.52 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.55 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.58 ^(bi)	2.63 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.69 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.71 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.6 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.6 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.53 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.58 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.62 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.69 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.82 ⁽ⁱ⁾	2.87 ⁽ⁱ⁾	..	..	..

(..) - not available
(s) - Eurostat estimate
(e) - estimated
(b) - break in time series
(p) - provisional
(i) - see metadata

Source: Eurostat