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From 1782 to 1858, 7 countings of the population were organized which could be considered forerunners of modern population censuses. The Statistical Committees, established in Estonia and Livonia in 1863, considered it necessary to conduct censuses according to the principles laid down at international conferences on Statistics. The first population census organized on the basis of these principles took place in the towns of Livonia on 3 March 1867. In the Estonian territory 5 towns were included: Pärnu, Tartu, Valga, Viljandi and Võru. At that time those towns were part of the Livonian

The first population and housing census in re-independent Estonia was carried out from 31 March to 9 April in 2000. The Census was prepared and conducted according to the recommendations of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat), which guarantee that the census data are internationally comparable. Also the comparability with the data of previous censuses carried out in Estonia was taken into account. The Statistical Office was responsible for conducting the Census. According to the order of the Government of the