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The consumer price index (CPI) expresses the change in the prices of consumer goods and services. In order to calculate the consumer price index, it is first necessary to identify what an average private consumer regularly buys. The expenditures are then categorised according to the Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose, and shares in the total index, called index weights, are calculated. For the calculation of the index, it is also necessary to choose the goods and services for which price changes will be monitored. These are called representative goods. Then, it is

Research and development (R&D) aim at acquiring new knowledge or using existing knowledge in a novel way. For example, it is the improvement of a product or work process. R&D ends when the main product is developed and the focus is shifted to production planning or market expansion. The main features of R&D are novelty, creativity, ambiguity, systematicity and transferability. Novelty means discovering something new, and with that goal in mind, researchers carry out studies at universities and research institutes. In business, novelty refers to new discoveries or technologies that have not

Gender pay gap refers to the difference between the average gross hourly wages and salaries of male and female employees by economic activity at the letter code level. Part-time employees' earnings are also taken into account when comparing gross hourly wages and salaries. Hourly wages and salaries are used to calculate the gender pay gap on the basis of a pan-European methodology. The gender pay gap is calculated by subtracting the average gross hourly wages and salaries of female employees from those of male employees and dividing the difference by the average gross hourly wages and salaries